Lesson 28 No parking禁止停車
First listen and then answer the question.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What is Jasper White's problem?
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
賈斯珀.懷特是少有的相信古代神話的人之一
he has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.
他剛在城里買下一所新房子，但自從搬進(jìn)去后，就和汽車及車主們發(fā)生了磨擦
When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.
當(dāng)他夜里回到家時，總是發(fā)現(xiàn)有人把 車停在他家大門外
Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
為此，他甚至一次也沒能把自己的車開進(jìn)車庫
Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
賈斯珀曾把幾塊“禁止停車”的牌子掛在大門外邊，但沒有任何效果
Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.
現(xiàn)在他把一個丑陋的石雕 頭像放在了大門上邊，這是我見過的最丑陋的頭像之一
I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.
我問他那是什么？他告訴我那是蛇發(fā)女怪美杜莎
jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
賈斯珀希望她把汽車和車主們都變成石頭。但到目前為止 還沒有一個變成石頭呢！
New words and Expressions生詞和短語
rare
adj. 罕見的
ancient
adj. 古代的，古老的
myth
n. 神話故事
trouble
n. 麻煩
effect
n. 結(jié)果，效果
Medusa
n. 美杜莎（古希臘神話中3位蛇發(fā)女怪之一）
Gorgon
n. （古希臘神話中的）3位蛇發(fā)女怪之一（凡見其貌者都會變成石頭）
Lesson 28 自學(xué)導(dǎo)讀First things first
課文詳注 Further notes on the text1．Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. 賈斯珀·懷特是少有的相信古代神話的人之一。
在第21課的課文詳注中，我們曾經(jīng)提到“one of +名詞／代詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu)，of后面的名詞必須是復(fù)數(shù)，但與這個結(jié)構(gòu)連用的動詞必須是單數(shù)：
One of your friends is waiting for you now.
你的一位朋友正在等你。
課文中who代指的是one of those rare people，所以動詞用believes。
2．… but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.………但自從搬進(jìn)去后，就和汽車及車主們發(fā)生了摩擦。
ever since的語氣比since強(qiáng)，表示“從那以后一直，，主句一般用完成時：
I've been interested in flying ever since I was a boy.
自從我的孩提時代起，我就對飛行一直感興趣。
He left the village last year and has never returned ever since.
他去年離開了這座村莊，從那以后一直沒有回去過。
3．Jasper has put up‘No Parking’ signs outside his gate…賈斯珀曾把幾塊“禁止停車”的牌子掛在大門外邊……
put up在這里表示“掛起”、“豎起”等意思。
4．Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone.
賈斯珀希望她把汽車和司機(jī)們都變成石頭。
（1）she指的是蛇發(fā)女怪美杜莎。根據(jù)希臘神話，凡看她一眼的人都會變成石頭。
（2）turn在這兒的意思是“把……變成”，是及物動詞：
They have turned the famous beauty spot to/into an ugly place.
他們把那著名的風(fēng)景勝地變成了一個丑陋的地方。
語法 Grammar in use
1．現(xiàn)在完成時
在第4課的語法中我們講過與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的副詞和副詞短語，其中包括before（now），so far， up to／till now，just，already，now，ever，never等；還講過有些用現(xiàn)在完成時的句子不需要任何表示時間的詞。注意以下句子：
This is one of the worst photos I've ever taken.
這是我照過的最差的相片之一。
What a good film!
這電影真好！
Yes, I've never seen such a good film before.
是的，我從來沒看過這么好的電影。
How many times have you had that dream?
那個夢你做過幾次？
I've had it three times so far.
迄今為止我已做過3次。
除了這些詞以外，since和for也常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用，表示直到現(xiàn)在的時段。since一般與一個時間點連用，for一般與一個時間段連用：
How long have y0u been a doctor?
你當(dāng)醫(yī)生有多久了？
I've been a doctor since 1989.
自1989年以來我一直是個醫(yī)生。
How long have you worked at the library?
你在圖書館工作多久了？
I've worked at the library for a week.
我來圖書館工作已經(jīng)一星期了。
I've lived here since 1980.
自1980年起我就住在這兒。
I've lived here for five years.
我已在這里住了5年了。
2．關(guān)系從句（Relative clauses）及關(guān)系代詞（Relative pronouns）
在第1冊第121～124課中，我們已接觸到關(guān)系從句。關(guān)系從句又可稱為定語從句或形容詞從句，它像形容詞一樣可以形容人、物及事件。關(guān)系從句可分為 限定性（defining）關(guān)系從句（不帶逗號）和非限定性（non-defining）關(guān)系從句（帶逗號）。我們在這里只討論限定性關(guān)系從句。
可以用來表示人的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom和that以及所有格形式whose，口語中whom經(jīng)常由who代替。用來表示事物和動物的關(guān)系代詞有 which和that。不論這些關(guān)系代詞指的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，其形式都保持不變。關(guān)系代詞在關(guān)系從句中作賓語時往往可以省略，作主語時則不可以：
This is the photo (that/which) I took.
這是我拍的照片。（the photo為took的賓語，that/which代替the photo，可省略）
The man (who/whom) I served was wearing a hat.
我接待的那個人戴著一頂帽子。（who／whom為served的賓語，可省略）
The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.
接待我的是站在柜臺后面的那位女士。（who為關(guān)系從句的主語，不可省）
I bought the books which are on the counter.
我買的就是柜臺上的那些書。（which為關(guān)系從句的主語，不可省）
The millionaire whose son ran away from home a week ago is not a kind father.
有個兒子一周前從家里逃走的那位百萬富翁不是個慈父。
（whose在關(guān)系從句中作定語，不可省）
The girls who are standing behind the counter served us.
接待我們的是站在柜臺后面的那幾位姑娘。（who代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞the girls，形式不變）
詞匯學(xué)習(xí) Word study
1．believe與believe in
動詞believe的含義為“相信”、“認(rèn)為”：
Do you believe that cats eat grass?
你相信貓吃草嗎？
Are they at home?
他們在家嗎？
I believe so.
我認(rèn)為在。
believe in可以表示“信仰”、“相信……的存在”、“相信……的價值”：
I believe in God.
我信仰上帝。
He believes in ancient myths.
他相信古代神話。
這個短語還可以表示“信賴（人格、力量等）”：
I've never believed in John.
我從沒有信賴過約翰。
試比較：
I believe him.
我相信他（的話）。（=I believe his words.）
2．because與 because of
because只能作連詞用，后面接從句：
You can't remember his name, because you aren't really thinking.
你想不起他的名字是因為你沒有真正努力去想。
I want to go home now, because I'm tired.
現(xiàn)在我想回家，因為我累了。
because of是介詞短語，后面不可以跟從句，只能跟名詞或代詞。它既可以位于句首，也可以位于句子中間：
Because of the rain, we have to stay at home.
因為下雨，我們不得不呆在家里。
Because of you, we have to put the meeting off.
因為你的緣故，我們已把會議推遲了。
He came back early because of the rain.
由于下雨，所以他回來得早。
He is absent today because of his father's illness.
由于他父親的病，他今天缺席。
3．can與 be able to
can表示天生的或?qū)W到的能力時，只能用于現(xiàn)在時和過去時（could），而不可用于將來時。將來時中表示能力時必須用be able to。在現(xiàn)在時和過去時中，can/could與be able to一般可以互換，在完成時中一般用be able to：
He has never been able to get his own car into his garage.
他從來都沒能把自己的車開進(jìn)車庫。（現(xiàn)在完成時）
I'll be able to pass my driving test after I've had a few lessons.
我上幾次課后就能通過駕駛考試。（一般將來時）
Lesson 28 課后練習(xí)和答案Exercises and Answer
