在歷年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試中,閱讀理解題所占的分值比較高,考生在此題中丟分也比較多,是試題難度大嗎?考生回答不是,但又普遍反映說(shuō)文章中幾乎沒(méi)有生詞,可有些句子就是弄不明白其意思,影響了對(duì)答案的正確選擇而導(dǎo)致失分。究其根源,是考生未能把握好意群在英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的運(yùn)用。現(xiàn)將在閱讀理解中有關(guān)意群方面存在的問(wèn)題歸納如下,以供參閱。
1?當(dāng)出現(xiàn)復(fù)合句時(shí),特別是定語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句,若定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞或賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞that被省略,考生常常會(huì)打亂意群,讀起來(lái)不得要領(lǐng)。例如:
① The crafts people buy include things to decorate their homes,clothes for their children and gifts for their friends,holidays,weddings or special occasions.
people buy是定語(yǔ)從句,限制the crafts,如果將The crafts people看作一個(gè)意群,則后面的buy include things便沒(méi)法理解了。
② He must capture the horse.He knew better man than he had tried.
此例第二句中的knew后省略了that,better m an than he屬于一個(gè)意群,是這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ),若把he knew better放在一起讀,下文就讀不通了。
2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ing形式與-ed形式引起的麻煩。例如:
③ Assembly will have limited self- governing powers,British say it could be as long as 30 years before the North might be in charge of its own affairs.
這里will have不與 limited一起構(gòu)成將來(lái)完成時(shí),will have后應(yīng)稍有停頓,lim ited用作形容詞,作前置定語(yǔ),修飾self-governing powers,它們構(gòu)成一個(gè)意群,是“有限的自治權(quán)”的意思。
④ For those who prefer reading the evening newspaper offers the reader the possibility of reading the news others see and hear on TV.
本句中,reading出現(xiàn)兩次,第一個(gè)reading是名詞化的動(dòng)名詞,不能直接帶賓語(yǔ),后面應(yīng)有停頓,the evening newspaper不是 reading的賓語(yǔ),它屬于下一個(gè)意群,是句子的主語(yǔ);第二個(gè)reading是動(dòng)詞的-ing形式, the news是它的賓語(yǔ)。
3.分不清句中詞的搭配關(guān)系。例如:
⑤A few bloodhounds and threats cleared the village of all the Indian inhabitants.
此句中的of不表示所有關(guān)系,因此不與village構(gòu)成一個(gè)意群,它與cleared搭配,cleared...of...是“從……清除……”的意思。
⑥The petition asked that during June,July,and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch.
be changed以下部分的意群容易搞錯(cuò),考生正在這里兜圈子,他們的視線停留在be changed from 8to 5,于是看不懂下文了。應(yīng)該說(shuō)from與句中的第二個(gè)to搭配,from后的8 to 5with an hour off for lunch是一個(gè)意群。第二個(gè)to后面7 to 3:30with a half-hour for lunch是另一個(gè)意群。這樣讀意思就理解了:要求作息時(shí)間從原來(lái)的上午8點(diǎn)至下午5點(diǎn),中間留一個(gè)小時(shí)吃午餐改為上午7點(diǎn)至下午3點(diǎn)30分,中間留半個(gè)小時(shí)吃午餐。
4.分不清and所連接的成分在層次上的差別。例如:
⑦Among the factors responsible for the higher crop yields per acre are the widespread use of m achinery for power,the development of better fertilizers,the breeding of better varieties,particularly semidwarf wheat and rice and hybrid sorghum and corn,and the more efficient use of irrigation.
例句中連用了四個(gè)and,第四個(gè)and連接的部分是第一層次,在particularly...corn這部分中,第二個(gè)and連接的是第二層次,第一個(gè)與第三個(gè)and連接的是第三層次,semidwarf wheat and rice與hybrid sorghum and corn應(yīng)視作兩小項(xiàng),不可分為四項(xiàng),semidwarf既修飾wheat也修飾rice;hybrid同時(shí)修飾sorghum與corn。
5.分不清this/these/that/those等是指示代詞還是限定詞。作指示代詞可以代替名詞單獨(dú)使用,而作限定詞時(shí),它們修飾名詞,不能單獨(dú)使用。例如:
⑧If his savings,pension,and social security are substantial,he can engage in charitable or religious activities.But the self-reliant American finds these poor substitutes for those social and business activities which once occupied his time and energies.
these是指示代詞,代替上文中的 charitable or religious activities而充當(dāng) finds的賓語(yǔ),poor substitutes是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ),意思是說(shuō):發(fā)現(xiàn)慈善、宗教活動(dòng)不能取代原來(lái)從事的社交、商業(yè)活動(dòng)。若把 these看作限定詞,則these poor substitutes成了一個(gè)意群,語(yǔ)意大相徑庭。
6.英語(yǔ)句子中那些從邏輯上講應(yīng)該接續(xù)的成分被分隔時(shí),如果不能確定被分割的成分,也就不能正確讀懂意群。例如:
⑨ The prisoners are overcrowded, with many cells intended for one man occupied by three.
這句中的關(guān)鍵是要注意with短語(yǔ)中的分隔,即with所帶的賓語(yǔ)m any cells與賓補(bǔ)occupied之間被充當(dāng)后置定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)intended for one man隔開(kāi),其意群的劃分應(yīng)該是with many cells/intended for one man/occupied by three,整個(gè)句子的意思是:監(jiān)獄現(xiàn)在過(guò)度擁擠,許多原來(lái)關(guān)一個(gè)人的單身牢房現(xiàn)在關(guān)三個(gè)人。
對(duì)于篇幅較大,長(zhǎng)句較多的閱讀文章來(lái)說(shuō),弄懂意群至關(guān)重要。因此,在平時(shí)的閱讀練習(xí)中,要注意在從句的分析、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析、詞語(yǔ)的搭配及句子的邏輯關(guān)系等方面多下功夫,這樣才能提高閱讀能力,爭(zhēng)取六級(jí)考試得高分。
1?當(dāng)出現(xiàn)復(fù)合句時(shí),特別是定語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句,若定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞或賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞that被省略,考生常常會(huì)打亂意群,讀起來(lái)不得要領(lǐng)。例如:
① The crafts people buy include things to decorate their homes,clothes for their children and gifts for their friends,holidays,weddings or special occasions.
people buy是定語(yǔ)從句,限制the crafts,如果將The crafts people看作一個(gè)意群,則后面的buy include things便沒(méi)法理解了。
② He must capture the horse.He knew better man than he had tried.
此例第二句中的knew后省略了that,better m an than he屬于一個(gè)意群,是這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ),若把he knew better放在一起讀,下文就讀不通了。
2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ing形式與-ed形式引起的麻煩。例如:
③ Assembly will have limited self- governing powers,British say it could be as long as 30 years before the North might be in charge of its own affairs.
這里will have不與 limited一起構(gòu)成將來(lái)完成時(shí),will have后應(yīng)稍有停頓,lim ited用作形容詞,作前置定語(yǔ),修飾self-governing powers,它們構(gòu)成一個(gè)意群,是“有限的自治權(quán)”的意思。
④ For those who prefer reading the evening newspaper offers the reader the possibility of reading the news others see and hear on TV.
本句中,reading出現(xiàn)兩次,第一個(gè)reading是名詞化的動(dòng)名詞,不能直接帶賓語(yǔ),后面應(yīng)有停頓,the evening newspaper不是 reading的賓語(yǔ),它屬于下一個(gè)意群,是句子的主語(yǔ);第二個(gè)reading是動(dòng)詞的-ing形式, the news是它的賓語(yǔ)。
3.分不清句中詞的搭配關(guān)系。例如:
⑤A few bloodhounds and threats cleared the village of all the Indian inhabitants.
此句中的of不表示所有關(guān)系,因此不與village構(gòu)成一個(gè)意群,它與cleared搭配,cleared...of...是“從……清除……”的意思。
⑥The petition asked that during June,July,and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch.
be changed以下部分的意群容易搞錯(cuò),考生正在這里兜圈子,他們的視線停留在be changed from 8to 5,于是看不懂下文了。應(yīng)該說(shuō)from與句中的第二個(gè)to搭配,from后的8 to 5with an hour off for lunch是一個(gè)意群。第二個(gè)to后面7 to 3:30with a half-hour for lunch是另一個(gè)意群。這樣讀意思就理解了:要求作息時(shí)間從原來(lái)的上午8點(diǎn)至下午5點(diǎn),中間留一個(gè)小時(shí)吃午餐改為上午7點(diǎn)至下午3點(diǎn)30分,中間留半個(gè)小時(shí)吃午餐。
4.分不清and所連接的成分在層次上的差別。例如:
⑦Among the factors responsible for the higher crop yields per acre are the widespread use of m achinery for power,the development of better fertilizers,the breeding of better varieties,particularly semidwarf wheat and rice and hybrid sorghum and corn,and the more efficient use of irrigation.
例句中連用了四個(gè)and,第四個(gè)and連接的部分是第一層次,在particularly...corn這部分中,第二個(gè)and連接的是第二層次,第一個(gè)與第三個(gè)and連接的是第三層次,semidwarf wheat and rice與hybrid sorghum and corn應(yīng)視作兩小項(xiàng),不可分為四項(xiàng),semidwarf既修飾wheat也修飾rice;hybrid同時(shí)修飾sorghum與corn。
5.分不清this/these/that/those等是指示代詞還是限定詞。作指示代詞可以代替名詞單獨(dú)使用,而作限定詞時(shí),它們修飾名詞,不能單獨(dú)使用。例如:
⑧If his savings,pension,and social security are substantial,he can engage in charitable or religious activities.But the self-reliant American finds these poor substitutes for those social and business activities which once occupied his time and energies.
these是指示代詞,代替上文中的 charitable or religious activities而充當(dāng) finds的賓語(yǔ),poor substitutes是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ),意思是說(shuō):發(fā)現(xiàn)慈善、宗教活動(dòng)不能取代原來(lái)從事的社交、商業(yè)活動(dòng)。若把 these看作限定詞,則these poor substitutes成了一個(gè)意群,語(yǔ)意大相徑庭。
6.英語(yǔ)句子中那些從邏輯上講應(yīng)該接續(xù)的成分被分隔時(shí),如果不能確定被分割的成分,也就不能正確讀懂意群。例如:
⑨ The prisoners are overcrowded, with many cells intended for one man occupied by three.
這句中的關(guān)鍵是要注意with短語(yǔ)中的分隔,即with所帶的賓語(yǔ)m any cells與賓補(bǔ)occupied之間被充當(dāng)后置定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)intended for one man隔開(kāi),其意群的劃分應(yīng)該是with many cells/intended for one man/occupied by three,整個(gè)句子的意思是:監(jiān)獄現(xiàn)在過(guò)度擁擠,許多原來(lái)關(guān)一個(gè)人的單身牢房現(xiàn)在關(guān)三個(gè)人。
對(duì)于篇幅較大,長(zhǎng)句較多的閱讀文章來(lái)說(shuō),弄懂意群至關(guān)重要。因此,在平時(shí)的閱讀練習(xí)中,要注意在從句的分析、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析、詞語(yǔ)的搭配及句子的邏輯關(guān)系等方面多下功夫,這樣才能提高閱讀能力,爭(zhēng)取六級(jí)考試得高分。
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