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新概念英語第四冊Lesson10原文及翻譯

Silicon valley

硅谷

What does the computer industry thrive on apart from anarchy?

Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. 'We're got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.'

And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets. For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market. India-born N.Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.

US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, October 2, 1989

New words and expressions 生詞和短語

silicon

n. 硅

integrated

adj. 綜合的

circuit

n. 線路，電路

California

n. 加利福尼亞(美國州名)

workstation

n. 工作站

chip

n. 芯片，集成電路片，集成塊

newsletter

n. 時事通訊

Macintosh

n. 蘋果機，一種個人電腦

penalize

v. 處罰，懲罰

customize

v. 按顧客具體需要制造

spawn

v. 引起，釀成

thrive

v. 興旺，繁榮

anarchy

n. 無政府狀態，混亂

oriental

n. 東方人

constitute

v. 構成

drove

n. 群

innovator

n. 發明者

forge

v. 發展

memory-chip

n. 內存條

AT & T

美國電話電報公司 (American Telephone and Telegraph)

Kansas

n. 堪薩斯(美國州名)

Missouri

n. 密蘇里(美國州名)

參考譯文

技術的發展趨勢有可能把硅谷重新推向未來。卡弗.米德 -- 集成電路的一位先驅，加州理工學院的計算機教授注意到，現在有些計算機工作站使工程技術人員可以在他們的辦公桌上設計、試驗和生產芯片，就像一位編輯在蘋果機上編出一份時事通訊一樣。由于制造一塊芯片的時間已縮短至幾天，費用也只有幾百美元，因此，工程技術人員可能很塊就可充分發揮他們的想像力，而不會因失敗而造成經濟上的損失。米德預言發明者可以在辦公室用一個周末的時間生產了完美的、功能很強的、按客戶需求設計的芯片 -- 造就新一代從汽車間起家的技術人員，在把產品推向市場方面使美國把它的外國對手們打個措手不及。 “我們有更多的汽車間，那里有許多聰明人，”米德說。“我們確實是靠這種無政府狀態發展起來的。” 靠的是亞洲人。硅谷許多公司中工程技術人員的大多數是東方人和亞裔美國人。

中國、韓國、菲律賓和印度的工程師一批批地從加州的大學畢業。作為新掘起一代的帶頭人，亞裔發明家可以憑借他們在習慣和語言上的優勢，與關鍵的太平洋沿岸市場建立起更加牢固的聯系。比如說，亞歷克斯.奧，一位來自香港的斯坦福大學博士，已經在臺灣建廠，對日本在內存條市場上近似壟斷的局面提出了挑戰。印度出生的N.達莫達.雷迪經營的小小的加州公司在堪薩斯城重新啟用了美國電話電報公司的一家芯片工廠，并從密蘇里州獲取了財政上的支持。在硅谷變成一個退休村之前，它很可能成為建立全球商業的一個教學場地。

新概念英語第四冊Lesson11原文及翻譯

How to grow old

如何安度晚年

First listen and then answer the following question.

聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。

What, according to the author, is the best way to overcome the fear of death as you get older?

Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

BERTRAND RUSSELL How to grow old from Portraits from Memory

New words and expressions 生詞和短語

oppress

v. 憂郁，壓抑

justification

n. 正當理由

justifiably

adv. 無可非議地

cheat

v. 欺騙

abject

adj. 可憐的

ignoble

adj. 不體面的，可恥的

impersonal

adj. 超脫個人感情影響的

ego

n. 自我

receded

v. 退去

increasing

adv. 日益，不斷

passionately

adv. 激昂地

painlessly

adv. 毫無痛苦地

vitality

n. 精力

weariness

n. 疲憊感

參考譯文

有些老年人因為怕死而感到煩惱。青年人有這種感覺是情有可原的。有理由害怕自己會死在戰場上的年輕人，想到自己被剝奪了生活所能給予的最美好的東西時，感到痛苦，這是可以理解的。可是老年人已經飽嘗了人間的甘苦，一切能做的都做了，如果怕死，就有點兒可憐又可鄙。克服怕死的辦法 -- 至少在我看來是這樣 -- 就是逐漸使自己的興趣更加廣泛，逐漸擺脫個人狹小的圈子，直到自我的圍墻一點一點地倒塌下來，自己的生活慢慢地和整個宇宙的生活融合在一起。個人的存在應該像一條河流，開始很小，被緊緊地夾在兩岸中間，接著熱情奔放地沖過巨石，飛下瀑布。然后河面漸漸地變寬，兩岸后撤，河水流得平緩起來，最后連綿不斷地匯入大海，毫無痛苦地失去了自我的存在。上了年紀的人這樣看待生命，就不會有懼怕死亡的心情了，因為自己關心的一切事件都會繼續下去。 再者，隨著精力的衰退，老年人的疲憊會增長，有長眠的愿望未嘗不是一件好事情，我希望工作到死為止，明白了有人會繼續我的未竟事業，想到能做的事都做了，也就坦然了。

新概念英語第四冊Lesson12原文及翻譯

Banks and their customers

銀行和顧客

Why is there no risk to the customer when a bank prints the customer's name on his cheques?

When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give in to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.

The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques draw by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheques on which its customer's signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.

GORDON BARRIE and AUBREY L. DLAMOND The Consumer Society and the Law

New words and expressions 生詞和短語

current

adj. 通用的，流行的

account

n. 賬戶

cash

n. 現金

debtor

n. 支票

debtor

n. 借方

creditor

n. 貸方

obligation

n. 義務

complication

n. 糾紛

debit

v. 把...記入借方

specimen

n. 樣本

forge

v. 偽造

forgery

n. 偽造(文件，簽名等)

adopt

v. 采用

facilitate

v. 使便利

參考譯文

任何人在銀行開一個活期賬戶，就等于把錢借給了銀行。這筆錢他可以隨時提取，提取的方式可以是取現金，也可以是開一張以他人為收款人的支票。銀行與儲戶的關系主要是債務人和債權人的關系。究竟誰是債務人誰是債權人，要看儲戶是有結余還是透支。除了這一基本的簡單的概念外，銀行和儲戶彼此還需承擔大量義務。其中許多義務往往引起問題和糾紛。但是儲戶不能像貨物的買主那樣來抱怨法律對自己不利。

銀行必須遵照儲戶的囑托辦事，不能聽從其他人的指令。比如，儲戶首次在銀行開戶時，囑咐銀行他的存款只能憑本世人簽字的支票來提取。他把自己簽名的樣本交給銀行，對此有一條非常嚴格的規定：銀行沒有任何權利或理由把儲戶的錢讓偽造儲戶的支票取走。即使偽造得很巧妙，也不能付款，因為銀行有責任辨認出其儲戶的簽名。因此，某些銀行已采用把儲戶印在支票上的作法。這種做法對儲戶毫無風險。如果因這種作法出現了偽造的話，受損失的將不是儲戶，而是銀行。

新概念英語第四冊Lesson14原文及翻譯

The Butterfly Effect

蝴蝶效應

Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?

Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.

The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.

The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...

The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.

JAMES GLEICK, Chaos

New words and expressions 生詞和短語

forecast

n. 預報

speculative

adj. 推測的

blizzard

n. 暴風雪

deteriorate

v. 變壞

multiply

v. 增加

cascade

v. 瀑布似地落下

turbulent

adj. 狂暴的

dust devil

小塵暴，塵旋風

squall

n. 暴風

eddy

n. 旋渦

grid

n. 坐標方格

sensor

n. 傳感器

humidity

n. 溫度

meteorologist

n. 氣象學家

Princeton

n. 普林斯頓(美國城市名)

New Jersey

n. 新澤西(美國州名)

fluctuation

n. 起伏，波動

deviation

n. 偏差

參考譯文

世界上的兩三天以上的天氣預報具有很強的猜測性，如果超過六七天，天氣預報就沒有了任何價值。

原因是蝴蝶效應。對于小片的惡劣天氣 -- 對一個全球性的氣象預報員來說，“小”可以意味著雷暴雨和暴風雪 -- 任何預測的質量會很快下降。錯誤和不可靠性上升，接踵而來的是一系列湍流的徵狀，從小塵暴和暴風發展到只有衛星上可以看到的席卷整塊大陸的旋渦。

現代氣象模型以一個坐標圖來顯示，圖中每個點大約是間隔60英里。既使是這樣，有些開始時的資料也不得不依靠推測，因為地面工作站和衛星不可能看到地球上的每一個地方。假設地球上可以布滿傳感器，每個相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的間隔從地面一直排列到大氣層的頂端。再假定每個傳感器都極極端準確地讀出了溫度、氣壓、溫度和氣象學家需要的任何其他數據。在正午時分，一個功能巨大的計算機搜集了所有的資料，并算出在每一個點上12：01、12：02、12：03時可能出現的情況。

計算機無法推斷出1個月以后的某一天，新澤西州的普林斯頓究竟是晴天還是雨天。正午時分，傳感器之間的距離會掩蓋計算機無法知道的波動、任何偏平均值的變化。到12：01時，那些波動就已經會在1英尺遠的地方造成偏差。很快這種偏差會增加到尺10英的范圍，如此等等，一直到全球的范圍。

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