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GRE閱讀真題之PP2-2 Passage 1

PP2-2

Passage 1

Objectively, of course, the various ecosystems that sustain life on the planet proceed independently of human agency, just as they operated before the hectic ascendancy of Homo sapiens. But it is also true that it is difficult to think of a single such system that has not, for better of worse, been substantially modified by human culture. Nor is this simply the work of the industrial centuries. It has been happening since the days of ancient Mesopotamia. It is coeval with the origins of writing, and has occurred throughout our social existence. And it is this irreversibly modified world, from the polar caps to the equatorial forests, that is all the nature we have.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and choose all that apply.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which of the following statements?

A. Over tie, the impact of human culture on the natural world has been largely benign.

B. It is a mistake to think that the natural world contains many areas of pristine wilderness.

C. The only substantial effects that human agency has had on ecosystems have been inadvertent.

2. The author mentions “ancient Mesopotamia” primarily in order to

A. provide some geographical and historical context for an earlier claim about the ascendancy of Homo sapiens

B. support the idea that the impact of human culture on nature was roughly the same in the ancient world as in later times

C. identify a place where the relationship between culture and nature was largely positive

D. emphasize the extent to which the modification of nature by human culture preceded the industrial period

E. make a connection between the origins of writing and other aspects of human cultural development

GRE閱讀真題之PP2-2 Passage 2

PP2-2

Passage 2

As an example of the devastation wrought on music publishers by the photocopier, one executive noted that for a recent choral Festival with 1,200 singers, the festival’s organizing committee purchased only 12 copies of the music published by her company that was performed as part of the festival.

1. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the support the example lends to the executive’s contention that music publishers have been devastated by the photocopier?

A. Only a third of the 1,200 singers were involved in performing the music published by the executive’s company.

B. Half of the singers at the festival had already heard the music they were to perform before they began to practice for the festival.

C. Because of shortages in funding, the organizing committee of the choral festival required singers to purchase their own copies of the music performed at the festival.

D. Each copy of music that was performed at the festival was shared by two singers.

E. As a result of publicity generated by its performance at the festival, the type of music performed at the festival became more widely known.

GRE閱讀真題之PP2-2 Passage 3

PP2-2

Passage 3

A tall tree can transport a hundred gallons of water a day from its roots deep underground to the treetop. Is this movement propelled by pulling the water from above or pushing it from below? The pull mechanism has long been favored by most scientists. First proposed in the late 1800s, the theory relies on a property of water not commonly associated with fluids: it tensile strength. Instead of making a clean break, water evaporating from treetops tugs on the remaining water molecules, with that tug extending from molecule to molecule all the way down to the roots. The tree itself does not actually push or pull; all the energy for lifting water comes from the sun’s evaporative power.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and choose all that apply.

1. Which of the following statement is supported by the passage?

A. The pull theory is not universally accepted by scientists.

B. The pull theory depends on one of water’s physical properties.

C. The pull theory originated earlier than did the push theory.

2. The passage provides information on each of the following EXCEPT:

A. when the pull theory originated

B. the amount of water a tall tree can transport

C. the significance of water’s tensile strength in the pull theory

D. the role of the sun in the pull theory

E. the mechanism underlying water’s tensile strength

GRE閱讀真題之PP2-2 Passage 4

PP2-2

Passage 4

The most plausible justification for higher taxes on automobile fuel is that fuel consumption harms the environment and thus adds to the costs of traffic congestion. But the fact that burning fuel creates these “negative externalities” does not imply that no tax on fuel could ever be too high. Economics is precise about the tax that should, in principle, be levied to deal with negative externalities: the tax on a liter of fuel should be equal to the harm caused by using a liter of fuel. If the tax is more than that, its costs (including the inconvenience to those who would rather have used their cars) will exceed its benefits (including any reduction in congestion and pollution).

1. In the context in which it appears, “exceed” most nearly means

A. outstrip

B. magnify

C. delimit

D. offset

E. supplant

2. Which of the following best characterizes the function of the indicated portion of the passage?

A. It restates a point made earlier in the passage.

B. It provides the evidence on which a theory is based.

C. It presents a specific application of a general principle.

D. It summarizes a justification with which the author disagrees.

E. It suggests that the benefits of a particular strategy have been overestimated.

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